Boosting one-step degradation of shrimp shell waste to produce chitin oligosaccharides at smart nanoscale enzyme reactor with liquid-solid system.

Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) possess potential applications in food, medicine, and agriculture. However, lower mass transfer and catalytic efficiency are the main kinetic limitations for the production of CTOS from shrimp shell waste (SSW) and crystalline chitin. Chemical or physical methods are usually used for pretreatment to improve chitinase hydrolysis efficiency, but this is not eco-friendly and cost-effective. To address this challenge, a chitinase nanoreactor with the liquid-solid system (BcChiA1@ZIF-8) was manufactured to boost the one-step degradation of SSW and crystalline chitin. Compared with free enzyme, the catalytic efficiency of BcChiA1@ZIF-8 on colloidal chitin was significantly improved to 142 %. SSW and crystalline chitin can be directly degraded by BcChiA1@ZIF-8 without any pretreatments. The yield of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] from SSW and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from crystalline chitin was 2 times and 3.1 times than that of free enzyme, respectively. The reason was that BcChiA1@ZIF-8 with a liquid-solid system enlarged the interface area, increased the collision frequency between enzyme and substrate, and improved the large-substrates binding activity of chitinase. Moreover, the biphasic system exhibited excellent stability, and the design showed universal applicability. This strategy provided novel guidance for other polysaccharide biosynthesis and the conversion of environmental waste into carbohydrates.

Prognostic nutritional index during hospitalization correlates with adverse outcomes in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most prevalent illnesses endangering the elderly's health. The predictive nutritional index (PNI) has been shown in several studies to be a good predictor of nutritional prognosis. In this study, we explored the correlation between PNI during hospitalization and the outcome of elderly AMI patients. METHODS: Elderly AMI patients in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of Huadong Hospital from September 2017 to April 2020 were recruited for analysis. The clinical and laboratory examination data of subjects were retrieved. All enrolled patients were monitored following discharge. The primary clinical endpoints encompass major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and Composite endpoint (MACEs and all-cause mortality). Survival analyses were conducted via the Kaplan-Meier and the log-rank analyses, and the Cox, proportional hazards model, was employed for hazard rate (HR) calculation. RESULTS: 307 subjects were recruited for analysis. The optimal PNI threshold is 40.923. Based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the elevated PNI group experienced better prognosis (P < 0.001). Cox analysis demonstrated that the PNI group was a stand-alone predictor for elderly AMI patient prognosis (HR = 1.674, 95% CI 1.076-2.604, P = 0.022). Subgroup analysis showed that the HR of the PNI group was the highest in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) subgroup (HR = 3.345, 95% CI 1.889-5.923, P = 0.05), but no discernible difference was observed in the non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) subgroup. CONCLUSION: Based on our analyses, the PNI during hospitalization can accurately predict the prognosis of elderly STEMI patients but not that of elderly NSTEMI patients.

Application of flash GC e-nose and FT-NIR combined with deep learning algorithm in preventing age fraud and quality evaluation of pericarpium citri reticulatae.

Pericarpium citri reticulatae (PCR) is the dried mature fruit peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties in the Brassicaceae family. It can be used as both food and medicine, and has the effect of relieving cough and phlegm, and promoting digestion. The smell and medicinal properties of PCR are aged over the years; only varieties with aging value can be called "Chenpi". That is to say, the storage year of PCR has a great influence on its quality. As the color and smell of PCR of different storage years are similar, some unscrupulous merchants often use PCRs of low years to pretend to be PCRs of high years, and make huge profits. Therefore, we did this study with the aim of establishing a rapid and nondestructive method to identify the counterfeiting of PCR storage year, so as to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. In this study, a classification model of PCR was established by e-eye, flash GC e-nose, and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) combined with machine learning algorithms, which can quickly and accurately distinguish PCRs of different storage years. DFA and PLS-DA models were established by flash GC e-nose to distinguish PCRs of different ages, and 8 odor components were identified, among which (+)-limonene and γ-terpinene were the key components to distinguish PCRs of different ages. In addition, the classification and calibration model of PCRs were established by the combination of FT-NIR and machine learning algorithms. The classification models included SVM, KNN, LSTM, and CNN-LSTM, while the calibration models included PLSR, LSTM, and CNN-LSTM. Among them, the CNN-LSTM model built by internal capsule had significantly better classification and calibration performance than the other models. The accuracy of the classification model was 98.21 %. The R2P of age, (+)-limonene and γ-terpinene was 0.9912, 0.9875 and 0.9891, respectively. These results showed that the combination of flash GC e-nose and FT-NIR combined with deep learning algorithm could quickly and accurately distinguish PCRs of different ages. It also provided an effective and reliable method to monitor the quality of PCR in the market.

Absence of a causal link between COVID-19 and deep vein thrombosis: Insights from a bi-directional Mendelian randomisation study.

Background: Several large-scale observational studies have found deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to be related with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, whether there is a clear causal connection between the two is unknown. Methods: Our primary analytical method was the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) approach, complemented by the Mendelian randomisation-Egger (MR-Egger) and weighted median methods. We also used MR-Egger to examine the presence of pleiotropy and the Mendelian randomisation pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) approach to analyse for heterogeneity in the data. Results: We did not observe a direct causal relationship between COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio (OR) = 1.023; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.828-1.264, standard error (SE) = 0.108, P = 0.833), hospitalisation (OR = 1.030; 95% CI = 0.943-1.125, SE = 0.374, P = 0.720), severity (OR = 0.994; 95% CI = 0.923-1.071, SE = 0.038, P = 0.877), and DVT. The results of the reverse Mendelian randomisation (MR) for DVT and COVID-19 susceptibility exhibited heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. Even after removing outliers, we detected no direct causal relationship between the two (OR = 1.015; 95% CI = 0.954-1.080, SE = 0.032, P = 0.630). Similarly, we found no direct causal relationship between DVT and COVID-19 hospitalisation (OR = 0.999; 95% CI = 0.907-1.102, SE = 0.050, P = 0.999) or severity (OR = 1.014; 95% CI = 0.893-1.153, SE = 0.065, P = 0.826). Conclusions: In this MR study, we identified no direct causal impact in a European population between DVT and the COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, or hospitalisation.

Coagulation-centered three-step approach for removing by-product organic pollutants from tetrabromobisphenol A industrial wastewater: Experimental and theoretic investigations.

The challenge of meeting discharge standards for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) production wastewater, characterized by high concentrations of organic by-products, necessitates effective treatment methods. This study identifies 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, chlorobenzene, and toluene as the primary organic by-product pollutants. A coagulation-centered three-step approach was established for TBBPA industrial wastewater treatment. The initial step involves acidification treatment to exploit the reduced solubility of 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol under acidic conditions, with the optimal pH determined as 2.7-3.1. An acid-activated montmorillonite coagulant (AMC), prepared through roasting and high-pressure acid leaching, exhibits a distinctive "Core-shell" structure, contributing significantly to the combined coagulation and adsorption mechanism. The acid-soluble aluminum salts in AMC form positively charged flocs, electrostatically attracting negatively charged organic compounds in the wastewater. Simultaneously, the porous insoluble silicon framework displays strong adsorption capacity for pollutants. The removal efficiencies for toluene, chlorobenzene, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol reached 88.2%, 89.1%, 88.8%, 87.1%, and 89.4%, respectively. Elemental analysis reveals that the coloration of the wastewater stems from complexation reactions between phenolic compounds and Fe3+, originating from the corrosion of iron or steel reaction vessel. Post-treatment with cation exchange resin resulted in removal efficiencies of 5.2%, 59.1%, 80.2%, 77.9%, and 88.3% for the five substances, respectively. This study outlines a crucial pathway for the effective purification of TBBPA wastewater.

Flexible Embedded Metal Meshes by Sputter-Free Crack Lithography for Transparent Electrodes and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

A facile and novel fabrication method is demonstrated for creating flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)-embedded silver meshes using crack lithography, reactive ion etching (RIE), and reactive silver ink. The crack width and spacing in a waterborne acrylic emulsion polymer are controlled by the thickness of the polymer and the applied stress due to heating and evaporation. Our innovative fabrication technique eliminates the need for sputtering and ensures stronger adhesion of the metal meshes to the PET substrate. Crack trench depths over 5 µm and line widths under 5 µm have been achieved. As a transparent electrode, our flexible embedded Ag meshes exhibit a visible transmission of 91.3% and sheet resistance of 0.54 Ω/sq as well as 93.7% and 1.4 Ω/sq. This performance corresponds to figures of merit (σDC/σOP) of 7500 and 4070, respectively. For transparent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, the metal meshes achieve a shielding efficiency (SE) of 42 dB with 91.3% visible transmission and an EMI SE of 37.4 dB with 93.7% visible transmission. We demonstrate the highest transparent electrode performance of crack lithography approaches in the literature and the highest flexible transparent EMI shielding performance of all fabrication approaches in the literature. These metal meshes may have applications in transparent electrodes, EMI shielding, solar cells, and organic light-emitting diodes.

The effects of dextran in residual impurity on trehalose crystallization and formula in food preservation.

The residual dextran impurities in the upstream process significantly impact the crystallization of starch-based functional sugar and the related food properties. This study intends to reveal the mechanism of dextran's influence on trehalose crystallization, and build a relationship among the dextran in syrup and the physicochemical and functional properties of trehalose. Instead of incorporating into the crystal lattice, dextran changes the assembly rate of trehalose molecules on crystal surface. The different sensitivity and adsorption capacity of the crystal surface to the chain length of dextran determines the growth rate of crystal surfaces, resulting in different crystal morphology. The bulk trehalose crystals, which were obtained from syrups with short chain dextran, have excellent powder properties, including best flowability (35◦), highest crystal strength (2.7 N), lowest caking rate (62.22 %), and the most uniform mixing with other sweeteners (sucrose/xylitol) in food formulations, achieving more stable starch preservation.

E-eye and FT-NIR combined with multivariate algorithms to rapidly evaluate the dynamic changes in the quality of Gastrodia elata during steaming process.

Gastrodia elata (GE) is traditionally subjected to steaming, and steaming duration plays a crucially important role in determining GE quality. This study examined the variations in bioactive components during the steaming process and proposed the utilization of electronic eye and Fourier Transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy for quality assessment. The findings revealed that the levels of parishin E parishin B, parishin A, and gastrodin initially rose and subsequently declined, while 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol exhibited a rapid decrease followed by stabilization. With prolonged steaming, the brightness of GE decreased, while the red and yellow tones became more pronounced and the color saturation increased. FT-NIR divided the steaming process into three stages: 0 min (raw GE), 0-9 min (partially steamed GE), and 9-30 min (fully steamed GE), and the partial least squares regression models effectively predicted the levels of five components. Overall, this study provided valuable insights into quality control in food processing.

Allelochemicals: A source for developing economically and environmentally friendly plant growth regulators.

Allelochemicals are specific secondary metabolites that can exhibit autotoxicity by inhibiting the growth of the same plant species that produced them. These metabolites have been found to affect various physical processes during plant growth and development, including inhibition of seed germination, photosynthesis, respiration, root growth, and nutrient uptake, with diverse mechanisms involving cell destruction, oxidative homeostasis and photoinhibition. In some cases, allelochemicals can also have positive effects on plant growth and development. In addition to their ecological significance, allelochemicals also possess potential as plant growth regulators (PGRs) due to their extensive physiological effects. However, a comprehensive summary of the development and applications of allelochemicals as PGRs is currently lacking. In this review, we present an overview of the sources and categories of allelochemicals, discuss their effects and the underlying mechanisms on plant growth and development. We showcase numerous instances of key phytohormonal allelochemicals and non-phytohormonal allelochemicals, highlighting their potential as candidates for the development of PGRs. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of economical, safe and effective PGRs utilizing allelochemicals, and emphasizes the need for further research in this area.

Highly Ordered Hierarchical Macro-Mesoporous Carbon-Supported Cobalt Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have been extensively employed in Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) catalysts due to their significantly larger specific surface areas, distinct metal centers, and well-organized porous structures. However, the microporous structure of MOFs and their derivatives presents mass transfer resistance, limiting their further development. Drawing inspiration from hierarchical structures allowing for the transport and exchange of substances in the biological world, we designed and fabricated biomimetic layered porous structures within ZIF-67 and its derivatives. Based on this, we achieved a three-dimensional ordered layered porous nitrogen-doped carbon-coated magnetic cobalt catalyst (3DOLP Co@NDC) with a biomimetic pore structure. It is found that the 3DOLP Co@NDC (352 mV @10 mA cm-1) was better than Co@NDC (391 mV @10 mA cm-1). The introduction of a three-dimensional ordered layered porous structure is conducive to increasing the specific surface area of the material, increasing the electrochemical active area, and improving the catalytic performance of the material. The introduction of a three-dimensional ordered layered porous structure would help to build a bionic grade pore structure. The existence of biomimetic grade pore structure can effectively reduce the mass transfer resistance, improve the material exchange efficiency, and accelerate the reaction kinetics.

Machine learning for municipal sludge recycling by thermochemical conversion towards sustainability.

The sustainable disposal of high-moisture municipal sludge (MS) has received increasing attention. Thermochemical conversion technologies can be used to recycle MS into liquid/gas bio-fuel and value-added solid products. In this review, we compared energy recovery potential of common thermochemical technologies (i.e., incineration, pyrolysis, hydrothermal conversion) for MS disposal via statistical methods, which indicated that hydrothermal conversion had a great potential in achieving energy recovery from MS. The application of machine learning (ML) in MS recycling was discussed to decipher complex relationships among MS components, process parameters and physicochemical reactions. Comprehensive ML models should be developed considering successive reaction processes of thermochemical conversion in future studies. Furthermore, challenges and prospects were proposed to improve effectiveness of ML for energizing thermochemical conversion of MS regarding data collection and preprocessing, model optimization and interpretability. This review sheds light on mechanism exploration of MS thermochemical recycling by ML, and provide practical guidance for MS recycling.

Rapid evaluation of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and its adulterants based on the combination of FT-NIR and multivariate algorithms.

Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) is a valued seed renowned for its sedative and sleep-enhancing properties. However, the price increase has been accompanied by adulteration. In this study, chromaticity analysis and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) combined with multivariate algorithms were employed to identify the adulteration and quantitatively predict the adulteration ratio. The findings suggested that the utilization of chromaticity extractor was insufficient for identification of adulteration ratio. The raw spectrum of ZMS and HAS adulterants extracted by FT-NIR was processed by SNV + CARS and 1d + SG + ICO respectively, the average accuracy of machine learning classification model was improved from 77.06 % to 97.58 %. Furthermore, the R2 values of the calibration and prediction set of the two quantitative prediction regression models of adulteration ratio are greater than 0.99, demonstrating excellent linearity and predictive accuracy. Overall, this study demonstrated that FT-NIR combined with multivariate algorithms provided a significant approach to addressing the growing issue of ZSS adulteration.

Cholesterol Oxidation Products: Potential Adverse Effect and Prevention of Their Production in Foods.

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are a group of substances formed during food processing. COPs in diet is a health concern because they may affect human health in association with the risk of various diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, and chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory colitis. Production of COPs in foods can be affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, light, oxygen, water, carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins, and metal cations. The key issue is preventing its generation in foods. Some COPs can also be produced in vivo by both nonenzymatic and enzymatic-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Currently, a number of natural antioxidants such as catechins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols have been proven to inhibit the generation of COPs. In addition, measures taken during food processing can also minimize the production of COPs, such as the Maillard reaction and marinating food with plant polyphenol-rich seasonings. In conclusion, a comprehensive approach encompassing the suppression on COPs generation and implementation of processing measures is imperative to safeguard human health against the production of COPs in the food chain.

[Discrimination of different processing degrees and quantitative study of processing end point of vinegar-processing Cyperi Rhizoma pieces based on electronic sensory technology].

In this study, CM-5 spectrophotometer and Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas-phase electronic nose were used to analyze the changes in color and odor of vinegar-processed Cyperi Rhizoma(VPCR) pieces. Various analysis methods such as DFA and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were combined to identify different processing degrees and quantify the end point of processing. The results showed that with the increase in vinegar processing, the brightness parameter L~* of VPCR pieces decreased gradua-lly, while the red-green value a~* and yellow-blue value b~* initially increased and reached their maximum at 8 min of processing, followed by a gradual decrease. A discriminant model based on the color parameters L~*, a~*, and b~* was established(with a discrimination accuracy of 98.5%), which effectively differentiated different degrees of VPCR pieces. Using the electronic nose, 26 odor components were identified from VPCR samples at different degrees of vinegar processing. DFA and PLS-DA models were established for different degrees of VPCR pieces. The results showed that the 8-min processed samples were significantly distinct from other samples. Based on variable importance in projection(VIP) value greater than 1, 10 odor components, including 3-methylfuran, 2-methylbuty-raldehyde, 2-methylpropionic acid, furfural, and α-pinene, were selected as odor markers for differentiating the degrees of vinegar processing in VPCR. By combining the changes in color and the characteristic odor components, the optimal processing time for VPCR was determined to be 8 min. This study provided a scientific basis for the standardization of vinegar processing techniques for VPCR and the improvement of its quality standards and also offered new methods and ideas for the rapid identification and quality control of the end point of processing for other traditional Chinese medicine.

Image Restoration via Low-Illumination to Normal-Illumination Networks Based on Retinex Theory.

Under low-illumination conditions, the quality of the images collected by the sensor is significantly impacted, and the images have visual problems such as noise, artifacts, and brightness reduction. Therefore, this paper proposes an effective network based on Retinex for low-illumination image enhancement. Inspired by Retinex theory, images are decomposed into two parts in the decomposition network, and sent to the sub-network for processing. The reconstruction network constructs global and local residual convolution blocks to denoize the reflection component. The enhancement network uses frequency information, combined with attention mechanism and residual density network to enhance contrast and improve the details of the illumination component. A large number of experiments on public datasets show that our method is superior to existing methods in both quantitative and visual aspects.

Substrate-embedded metal meshes for ITO-free organic light emitting diodes.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have great potential for use in large-area display and lighting applications, but their widespread adoption for large areas is hindered by the high cost and insufficient performance of indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes. In this study, we introduce an alternative anode material - a silver mesh embedded in glass - to facilitate production of large-area OLEDs. We present a facile, scalable manufacturing technique to create high aspect ratio micromeshes embedded in glass to provide the planar geometry needed for OLED layers. Our phosphorescent green OLEDs achieve a current efficiency of 51.4 cd/A at 1000 cd/m2 and reach a slightly higher external quantum efficiency compared to a standard ITO/glass reference sample. Notably, these advancements are achieved without any impact on the viewing angle of the OLEDs. These findings represent a promising advancement towards ITO-free, high-efficiency OLEDs for various high performance, large-area applications, such as lighting and displays.

A systematic review of blunt abdominal aortic injury and analysis of predictors of death.

At present, research on blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is limited, with the majority being case reports. Consequently, there is a significant knowledge gap concerning this condition. To address this, we conducted a systematic review by extensively searching major databases. We included all literature that provided individual (non-identifiable) data on BAAI patients, irrespective of the study design. Furthermore, we undertook regression analyses to identify predictors of death after BAAI. The search yielded 2,099 results, leading to the inclusion of 102 case reports and one conference abstract. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for assessment, all studies were deemed of medium to high quality. In total, 133 patients were included, with a median age of 34 years, and 73.7% being male. The predominant clinical manifestation was pain, reported in 65.6% of patients. The most frequently observed aortic lesion severity was grade A (intimal tear or intramural hematoma) at 46.9%, and the most common lesion location was zone III (infrarenal aorta) in 88.3% of cases.  The overall mortality after BAAI was 15.3%. Multivariate regression analyses revealed the following predictors of death after BAAI: lower limb ischemia (relative risk [RR] = 7.137, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.154 - 44.161), cardiopulmonary arrest (RR = 10.250, 95% CI 1.452 - 72.344), and injuries to body parts other than the abdomen and lumbar spine (RR = 2.593, 95% CI 1.189 - 5.655). In conclusion, this review provides a detailed quantitative summary of BAAI's clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, emphasizing its high mortality rate and identifying three critical variables as predictors of death.

Effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently recognized as one of the most serious diabetic microangiopathies and a major cause of adult blindness. Commonly used clinical approaches include etiological control, microvascular improvement, and surgical intervention, but they are ineffective and have many side effects. Oral Chinese medicine (OCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat DR and is still widely used today, but it is unclear which OCM is more effective for DR. AIM: To estimate relative effectiveness and safety profiles for different classes of OCMs for DR, and provide rankings of the available OCMs. METHODS: The search time frame was from the creation of the database to January 2023. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software were used to perform the systematic review and Network meta-analyses (NMA). RESULTS: A total of 107 studies and 9710 patients were included, including 4767 cases in the test group and 4973 cases in the control group. Based on previous studies and clinical reports, and combined with the recommendations of Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of DR, 9 OCMs were finally included in this study, namely Compound Xueshuantong Capsules, Qiming Granules, Compound Danshen Dripping Pills, Hexue Mingmu Tablets (HXMM), Qiju Dihuang Pills (QJDH), Shuangdan Mingmu Capsules (SDMM), Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBX), Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction and Buyang Huanwu Decoction. When these nine OCMs were analyzed in combination with conventional western medicine treatment (CT) compared with CT alone, the NMA results showed that HXMM + CT has better intervention effect on the overall efficacy of DR patients, HXMM + CT has better effect on improving patients' visual acuity, SDMM + CT has better effect on inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor, DGBX + CT has better effect on reducing fundus hemorrhage area, HXMM + CT has better effect on reducing fasting blood glucose, and QJDH + CT has better effect on reducing glycated hemoglobin. When there are not enough clinical indicators for reference, SDMM + CT or HXMM + CT treatments can be chosen because they are effective for more indicators and demonstrate multidimensional efficacy. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that combining OCMs with CT leads to better outcomes in all aspects of DR compared to using CT alone. Based on the findings, we highly recommend the use of SDMM or HXMM for the treatment of DR. These two OCMs have demonstrated outstanding efficacy across multiple indicators.

Meta-analysis of outcomes from drug-eluting stent implantation in femoropopliteal arteries.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, studies of drug-eluting stent (DES) for femoropopliteal artery diseases (FPADs) have been gradually published. To explore whether this type of stent is superior to the traditional bare metal stent (BMS), we performed this study. METHODS: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), and Cochrane Library was performed on November 29, 2022. We innovatively adopted the hazard ratio (HR), the most appropriate indicator, as a measure of the outcomes that fall under the category of time-to-event data. The HRs was extracted directly or indirectly. Then, the meta-analyses using random effects model were performed. The bias risks of included papers were assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. This study was registered on the PROSPER platform (CRD42023391944) and not funded. RESULTS: Seven RCTs involving 1,889 participants were found. After pooled analyses, we obtained results without propensity on each of the following 3 outcomes of interest: in-stent restenosis (ISR) -free survival, primary patency (PP) survival, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) -free survival (P >0.05, respectively). Because the results of pooled analyses of the other two outcomes of interest (all-cause death free survival and clinical benefit survival) had high heterogeneity both, they were not accepted by us. CONCLUSION: For FPADs, the DES has not yet demonstrated superiority or inferiority to BMS, in the ability to maintain PP, avoid ISR and TLR.